How to Read a Mold Sampling Report
| Stachybotrys | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Sectionalisation: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Stachybotryaceae |
| Genus: | Stachybotrys Corda, 1837 |
| Species | |
| ~ l, meet text | |
Stachybotrys () is a genus of molds, hyphomycetes or asexually reproducing, filamentous fungi, now placed in the family unit Stachybotryaceae. The genus was erected by August Carl Joseph Corda in 1837. Historically, information technology was considered closely related to the genus Memnoniella,[ane] [2] considering the spores are produced in slimy heads rather than in dry out bondage. Recently, the synonymy of the two genera is generally accepted.[iii] Virtually Stachybotrys species inhabit materials rich in cellulose. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 50 species.[4] The proper noun comes from the Greek words σταχυς stakhus (ear of grain, stalk, stick; metaphorically, progeny) and βότρυς botrus (cluster or agglomeration as in grapes, trusses).
The most infamous species, S. chartarum (previously known as S. atra) and S. chlorohalonata, are known every bit black mold or toxic blackness mold in the U.S., and are frequently associated with poor indoor air quality that arises after fungal growth on water-damaged building materials.[5] Stachybotrys chemotypes are toxic, with one producing trichothecene mycotoxins including satratoxins, and another that produces atranones.[6] Withal, the association of Stachybotrys mold with specific wellness weather condition is non well proven and there exists a fence within the scientific community.[7] [eight] [nine]
Conidia [edit]
Conidia are in slimy masses, smooth to coarsely rough, dark olivaceous to brownish blackness, obovoid, subsequently condign ellipsoid with age, x–13 × 5–7 mm. Phialides are obovate or ellipsoidal, colorless early and so turning to olivaceous with maturity, smooth, 12–14 × five–vii mm, in clusters of 5 to 9 phialides. Conidiophores are elementary, cock, smooth to rough, colorless to olivaceous, slightly enlarged apically, more often than not unbranched but occasionally branched. Conidia of Stachybotrys are very characteristic and tin exist confidently identified in spore count samples. This genus is closely related to Memnoniella. Species of Memnoniella may occasionally develop Stachybotrys-similar conidia, and vice versa.[ten]
Detection [edit]
Four distinctive microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) – 1-butanol, three-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-ii-butanol, and thujopsene – were detected on rice cultures, and only one (1-butanol) was detected on gypsum board cultures.[11]
Pathogenicity [edit]
Stachybotrys spores 10 × 40 magnification under brilliant field microscopy
Symptoms of Stachybotrys exposure in humans [edit]
A controversy began in the early 1990s after analysis of ii baby deaths and multiple cases in children from the poor areas of Cleveland, Ohio, Usa, due to pulmonary hemorrhage were initially linked to exposure to heavy amounts of Stachybotrys chartarum. Subsequent and extensive reanalysis of the cases by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention take failed to observe whatsoever link between the deaths and the mold exposure.[12] [xiii]
Species [edit]
- Stachybotrys albipes (Berk. & Broome) Due south.C. Jong & Davis (1976)
- Stachybotrys alternans Bonord. (1851)
- Stachybotrys breviuscula McKenzie (1991)
- Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes (1958)
- Stachybotrys chlorohalonata B. Andersen & Thrane (2003)
- Stachybotrys cylindrospora C.Due north. Jensen (1912)
- Stachybotrys dichroa Grove (1886)
- Stachybotrys elegans (Pidopl.) W. Gams (1980)
- Stachybotrys eucylindrospora D.Westward. Li (2007)
- Stachybotrys freycinetiae McKenzie (1991)
- Stachybotrys kampalensis Hansf. (1943)
- Stachybotrys kapiti Whitton, McKenzie & Thousand.D. Hyde (2001)
- Stachybotrys longispora Matsush. (1975)
- Stachybotrys mangiferae P.C. Misra & S.K. Srivast. (1982)
- Stachybotrys microspora (B.L. Mathur & Sankhla) S.C. Jong & Due east.Eastward. Davis (1976)
- Stachybotrys nephrodes McKenzie (1991)
- Stachybotrys nephrospora Hansf. (1943)
- Stachybotrys nilagirica Subram. (1957)
- Stachybotrys oenanthes Grand.B. Ellis (1971)
- Stachybotrys parvispora S. Hughes (1952)
- Stachybotrys ruwenzoriensis Matsush. (1985)
- Stachybotrys sansevieriae Thou.P. Agarwal & North.D. Sharma (1974)
- Stachybotrys sinuatophora Matsush. (1971)
- Stachybotrys suthepensis Photita, P. Lumyong, K.D. Hyde & McKenzie (2003)
- Stachybotrys theobromae Hansf. (1943)
- Stachybotrys waitakere Whitton, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde (2001)
Run across also [edit]
- Bioaerosol
- Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
- Mold health issues
- Sick building syndrome
References [edit]
- ^ Haugland, Richard A.; Vesper, Stephen J.; Harmon, Stephen 1000. (January–Feb 2001). "Phylogenetic relationships of Memnoniella and Stachybotrys species and evaluation of morphological features for Memnoniella species identification". Mycologia. 93 (1): 54–65. doi:x.2307/3761605. JSTOR 3761605. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2018 – via Zenodo.
- ^ Castlebury, Lisa A.; Rossman, Amy Y.; Sung, Gi-Ho; Hyten, Aimee Southward.; Spatafora, Joseph Due west. (Baronial 2004). "Multigene phylogeny reveals new lineage for Stachybotrys chartarum, the indoor air fungus" (PDF). Mycological Research. 108 (viii): 864–72. doi:10.1017/S0953756204000607. PMID 15449591. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2019.
- ^ Seifert, Keith A.; Gams, Gareth; Morgan-Jones, Walter; Kendrick, Bryce (2011). The Genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS Biodiversity Series. Utrecht, the Netherlands: CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre. pp. 1–997. ISBN978-ninety-70351-85-4. ISSN 1571-8859.
- ^ Paul M., Kirk; Cannon, Paul F.; Minter, David W.; Stalpers, Joost A., eds. (2008). Lexicon of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 659. ISBN978-0-85199-826-viii. LCCN 2009285939.
- ^ Nielsen, Kristian Fog (July 2003). "Mycotoxin production past indoor molds" (PDF). Fungal Genetics and Biological science. 39 (2): 103–17. doi:ten.1016/S1087-1845(03)00026-4. PMID 12781669. Archived (PDF) from the original on April x, 2017.
- ^ Andersen, Birgitte; Nielsen, Kristian F.; Thrane, Ulf; Szaro, Tim; Taylor, John Due west.; Jarvis, Bruce B. (2003). "Molecular and phenotypic descriptions of Stachybotrys chlorohalonata sp. nov. and two chemotypes of Stachybotrys chartarum found in water-damaged buildings" (PDF). Mycologia. 95 (6): 1227–38. doi:10.1080/15572536.2004.11833031. PMID 21149024. S2CID 203881222. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2018 – via the University of California Berkeley.
- ^ Rudert, Amanda; Portnoy, Jay (2017). "Mold allergy: Is it real and what do nosotros do about it?". Expert Review of Clinical Immunology. thirteen (8): 823–835. doi:10.1080/1744666X.2017.1324298. PMID 28453304. S2CID 4755858.
- ^ Chang, C.; Gershwin, M. E. (2019). "The Myth of Mycotoxins and Mold Injury". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 57 (iii): 449–455. doi:10.1007/s12016-019-08767-iv. PMID 31608429. S2CID 204458646.
- ^ "You Can Control Mold | CDC". 17 May 2021.
- ^ Morey, Philip R. (2007), "Microbiological Sampling Strategies in Indoor Environments", Sampling and Assay of Indoor Microorganisms, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 51–74, doi:10.1002/9780470112434.ch3, ISBN978-0-470-11243-iv , retrieved 2020-10-27
- ^ Gao, Pengfei; Martin, Jennifer (June 2002). "Volatile metabolites produced past three strains of Stachybotrys chartarum cultivated on rice and gypsum lath". Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 17 (6): 430–6. doi:10.1080/10473220290035462. PMID 12049433. NIOSHTIC No. 20022270.
- ^ "Example Definition for Acute Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Infants". National Center for Ecology Health. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2001.
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (March 10, 2000). "Update: Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Amongst Infants — Cleveland, Ohio, 1993–1996". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Study. 49 (ix): 180–4. PMID 11795499. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016.
Further reading [edit]
- Progovitz, Richard F. (2003). Blackness Mold: Your Wellness and Your Domicile. The Forager Press. ISBN978-0-9743943-nine-8.
External links [edit]
- "Facts about Stachybotrys chartarum and Other Molds". Centers for Illness Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on November ane, 2019.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stachybotrys
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