what does this map reveal about why jefferson referred to his victory as the revolution of 1800?

Written by: Todd Estes, Oakland University

By the end of this section, you will:

• Explicate the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1828

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Introduction

In 1800, the Federalist Party controlled both houses of Congress, John Adams was president, the Sedition Act was still in identify, and the nation was reeling from the crises sparked by the Quasi-War with France. By the finish of 1828, the Federalist Party was extinct and the Jeffersonian Republicans had completely triumphed, though often through Hamiltonian policies. The nation was in the midst of a period of tremendous growth in about all realms, especially economic and territorial. Andrew Jackson had defeated John Adams'south son, incumbent John Quincy Adams, to win the presidency. Jacksonianism signaled the expansion of suffrage to all white men and their widespread, democratic political participation in an exceptional mode, though women and African Americans were not included. A new post-Revolutionary generation built the new nation as farmers and merchants, as well as national leaders.

Compare the presidential portrait of (a) Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl in 1837 with the presidential portrait of (b) John Quincy Adams past George Peter Alexander Healy in 1858. In what means are they similar and unlike? What were the artists trying to convey?

Jeffersonian America

Thomas Jefferson'southward election to the presidency was secured narrowly, and only subsequently thirty-six contentious ballots in the Firm of Representatives, which had to intermission an balloter-vote necktie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr (meet the Was the Ballot of 1800 a Revolution? Indicate-Counterpoint). The Jeffersonian Republicans also took command of the House and Senate every bit well equally many state legislatures. Jefferson's unique leadership style was nimble, and it proved to be popular. His relaxed personality and adept manners made him an exceptional host who ofttimes disarmed guests at his dinners and social gatherings. He thought the Federalists had created a presidency full of monarchical trappings, and he made the office appear more democratic.

Jeffersonian Republicans believed in decreasing the size of government by cut taxes and working to eliminate the debt. They favored an agriculture-based economy and praised the platonic of the independent farmer, though agriculture in the land ranged from modest contained farms to large plantations. The Jeffersonians continued their contempt toward Peachy United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in the Napoleonic Wars. Although they held an ideological conventionalities, grounded in the American Revolution, that power could hands be abused, Jefferson himself exercised potent executive power and interpreted the Constitution broadly.

Although Jeffersonian Republicans did not destroy the national depository financial institution, they refused to renew its charter, and they encouraged the growth of country banks. In their start congressional session in 1801, Jeffersonians repealed all internal taxes, cutting spending, and began to pay off the debt as chop-chop as possible. They preferred that raising tax acquirement exist left to the state governments. By 1812, they had shaved $27.v million from a debt once gauged at nearly $83 million. Furthermore, they stepped dorsum from the idea of government interference in the economy, preferring to let individual decisions by citizens drive the economic system, instead of a national policy. These political and ideological preferences placed more power in the hands of private citizens and their local governing bodies, fueling the growth of political democracy and of private liberty, ii central components of Jeffersonianism and examples of rising democratization.

The Supreme Court became involved in the politics of the Jefferson administration, notably in the famous case ofMarbury 5. Madison (1803). Chief Justice Marshall's ruling was masterful. The 1801 Judiciary Human action expanded the number of federal judges and, as approachable president, Adams had made several "midnight" appointments before Jefferson took office. I of the appointed justices, William Marbury, did not receive his commission for the office from incoming Secretary of State James Madison and sued for it to exist delivered to him. The Court agreed that Marbury had a right to the commission just declared that part of the Judiciary Human activity of 1789 was unconstitutional, thus restricting its ain power to order the committee to be given. In this mode, Chief Justice Marshall avoided a direct political collision with Jefferson (who sought to opposite Adams'due south terminal-minute appointments of Federalist judges to the demote). Marshall then also asserted the Court's power to interpret the Constitution (by declaring part of the deed unconstitutional), because information technology was "emphatically the province and duty of the judicial section to say what the law is." The ruling helped establish the principle of judicial review, though it did non claim the Courtroom had an undisputed right to interpret the Constitution. Only even within the limits of a narrow decision, it sent a very strong argument well-nigh the role of the Courtroom in time to come matters (run into theMarbury v. Madison Decision Indicate).

Watch this BRI Homework Help Video on Marbury v. Madison for a summary of Chief Justice Marshall's decision:

The Jefferson administration is notable for skilled diplomacy, opportune circumstances, and, when it came to the Louisiana Purchase, plainly good luck. American diplomats found Napoleon ready to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for the remarkable price of only $15 million. An unprecedented windfall, the purchase doubled the size of the country, stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rockies, at a bargain cost. The purchase created ample room for the evolution of Jefferson'south "empire of freedom" by opening a vast tract of highly fertile soil for farmers. It removed a European rival's presence from North America, which had smashing strategic importance for the nation.

(a) This 1804 map shows the territory added to the United states of america in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Compare this delineation with (b) the contemporary map. How does the 1804 version differ from what you know of the geography of the United states? (attribution (b): Copyright Rice Academy OpenStax under CC By 4.0 license)

But nothing in the Constitution gave the president the specific power to brand such a purchase, and every bit a strict constructionist, Jefferson was caught in a bind. He argued that the purchase was so beneficial to the future skilful of the state that no president could dare laissez passer it up and aptitude his principles to a more Hamiltonian loose construction. Thus, he overcame his own doubts about the constitutionality of such a move and urged Senate Republicans to ratify the purchase as a treaty, which they did past a vote of 24 to 7, and the House of Representatives introduced a neb appropriating the funds. The Federalists fiercely opposed the purchase because they feared the move of Jeffersonian Republicans into the new lands, with the potential to aggrandize their political power. However, public response to the purchase was overwhelmingly positive.

Americans knew almost nothing about the newly purchased land itself. To investigate information technology, Jefferson named Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to course an exploratory expedition. Their team spent two years trekking from St. Louis to the Pacific and back, drawing maps, collecting samples, taking detailed notes, and compiling drawings of their findings. Meanwhile, a Shoshone woman and interpreter named Sacagawea helped them navigate interactions with the various American Indian tribes they encountered. The Lewis and Clark trek fabricated it abundantly articulate just how valuable and of import the new territory would be to the young nation (come across the The Lewis and Clark Trek Narrative and The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 1805 Chief Source).

The good fortune and nearly unbroken record of success of Jefferson'southward starting time term resulted in his landslide reelection in 1804. Jefferson received 162 balloter votes, vanquishing his opponent, Due south Carolina Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, who received fourteen. Even Massachusetts, the former Federalist base army camp, voted for Jefferson in 1804. But Jefferson's success came to a crashing halt during his 2d term, primarily due to the renewed disharmonize between Corking United kingdom and France. Americans insisted on their correct to trade with both warring nations. Neither the French nor the British were willing to allow U.S. goods to go through to the other nation. They blockaded each other and violated American neutral rights.

Betwixt 1793 and 1811, the British also impressed nearly ten thousand American sailors into service in the British Navy. The worst incident by far, however, occurred just off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, in June 1807, when the H.M.S.Leopard fired upon the U.Southward.Due south.Chesapeake, killing iii and wounding 18. Four alleged deserters from the Royal Navy were carted off theChesapeake, one of whom was hanged immediately as an example to the others.

Americans were furious; some demanded retaliation and even state of war. Jefferson proposed instead an embargo on all U.S. ships leaving the nation'southward harbors. In that location would be no consign of U.S. appurtenances to whatever nation nor any imports, to forcefulness the European powers to renounce interference with American trade and seizures of ships. The Embargo Deed of 1807 primarily injure U.Due south. trade, nevertheless, with exports collapsing from $108 million to $39 1000000, and it failed to coerce either the British or French to respect American neutral rights. The embargo was especially unpopular in New England, where information technology grounded merchandise and sparked a political revival amidst the Federalists in the 1808 elections. Jefferson left office in March 1809, despondent over the embargo's failure.

In this political drawing criticizing the Embargo Act of 1807, a snapping turtle named Ograbme (embargo spelled backward) is biting the merchants.

In 1808, James Madison was elected Jefferson's successor and continued the trade restrictions he had supported as secretary of state. Jefferson had signed Congress's repeal of the embargo on March one, 1809, days before leaving office. At the start of Madison's presidency, Republicans in Congress passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which forbade the importation of French and British appurtenances but allowed American ships to go out their harbors and trade with any nation except the two belligerents. That measure was also unenforceable and led to numerous violations by American shippers, who connected to trade with the British and the French. This second failed endeavor to regulate trade with the warring powers gave way to Macon'due south Pecker No. 2, which immune the United States to reopen trade with all nations, including England and French republic, and stipulated that if either land renounced its restrictions on American shipping, the United states of america would cut off its trade with the other.

The War of 1812

The wily Napoleon deceived Madison past announcing he was repealing his trade decrees, prompting the Americans to renounce merchandise with the British. Just the French did no such thing; they continued to seize ships—more than than the British did between 1807 and 1812. Despite this expose by the French, tensions between the Americans and British ratcheted upward. Some Americans welcomed another war with the British, seeing a military conflict as a way of reasserting national pride, and "State of war Hawks" in Congress such every bit Kentucky's Henry Clay argued that honor demanded a fight. As well national honor, these southern and western members of Congress also wanted to invade Canada to expel the British and expand the frontier as a way to expel the Native Americans. Madison did not seek war only found himself under increasing pressure to ask Congress for a declaration. Despite strong opposition from Federalists and a significant number of Republicans, Congress voted to declare war on Britain on June 18, 1812, and what some Americans came to think of as a second war for independence was soon underway.

A political cartoon from about 1813 depicting Lady Columbia as the Usa (left) Napoleon as French republic (middle) and John Bull an imaginary figure representing United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland (right). Lady Columbia attempts to lecture John Bull on gratis trade and a ship'due south right to free passage of the seas. John Bull doesn't want to listen and instead reads a book that states "Power constitutes right."

The British were preoccupied with the fighting in Europe and at starting time devoted little attending to Due north America. Meanwhile, the United states launched unsuccessful campaigns against the British in Canada and engaged the British navy in sea battles. Nevertheless, various tribes in the Northwest had joined together in a confederacy nether the leadership of Shawnee Tecumseh and his brother, the visionary prophet Tenskwatawa. They decided to fight with the British to resist further white encroachment into the area. Thus, the British and Indian confederacy fought against American settlers throughout the Nifty Lakes area during the war.

In 1814, the British launched three major operations across the The states: in the Chesapeake Bay area, at Lake Champlain in New York, and at the mouth of the Mississippi River. In August, British soldiers routed poorly trained U.S. soldiers and seized Washington, DC. They burned the White House, forcing Madison and the regime to abscond in what was the embarrassing low point of the war for the United States. The British and then turned north toward Baltimore and assaulted Fort McHenry, held by the Americans, but failed to take it (see the Fort McHenry and the State of war of 1812 Narrative). The British invasion in New York was besides turned dorsum as the Americans secured the nation'south northern border against heavy odds. Finally, in December 1814, British troops landed at New Orleans, attacked well-entrenched American forces commanded past Andrew Jackson, and suffered a crushing defeat (see the Erstwhile Hickory: Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans Narrative).

Spotter this BRI Homework Help video on Early 1800s U.Due south. Strange Policy for a comprehensive review of the early republic's foreign affairs:

Considering of tiresome communications, the Battle of New Orleans occurred shortly later the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which had already ended the war. The treaty was inconclusive, reflecting the fact that the disharmonize had been largely a stalemate. Both sides agreed to return to the "condition quo antebellum," the conditions that had existed at the start of the disharmonize, and the maritime violations were not resolved. One decisive loser of the conflict turned out to exist the Federalists. They had opposed a popular war that led to patriotic fervor and were against the merchandise restrictions, which had injure New England trade. Some members of the Federalist Party gathered in convention at Hartford, Connecticut, in belatedly 1814 and early 1815, where talk of a split New England confederacy struck many Americans equally disloyal. And the timing discredited the political party, considering news of the Hartford convention reached many Americans at nearly the same time as news of the great victory at New Orleans and the peace treaty. As a consequence, the Federalists were soon spent as a political force and the party disappeared (come across the The Hartford Convention Conclusion Bespeak).

The war was also particularly disastrous for Native Americans. The British had been their allies and had provided them with leverage in dealing with the Americans. When the British withdrew from the United states of america, the outnumbered and weakened Native Americans had no counterweight remaining. On peak of this, the Shawnee lost their peachy leader Tecumseh, who was killed by U.S. forces at the Battle of the Thames in 1813 (see the Tecumseh and the Prophet Narrative). These twin blows left American Indians isolated and increasingly at the mercy of country-hungry whites, who continued to button w later the state of war, challenge Indian territories equally their own. American Indians soon discovered the war and its consequences left them more vulnerable to removal.

In Washington, however, amid celebratory patriotism, the Jeffersonian Republicans enjoyed one-party rule in a fourth dimension called the "Era of Good Feelings." In 1816, Madison left office and his ally James Monroe came to the presidency. Monroe's term was non without controversy, and the era of one-party domination was rather short-lived because dissimilar sectional and ideological factions began to emerge among the Jeffersonian Republicans. Yet, Monroe was reelected virtually without opposition in 1820. Iii years later, he issued a major statement of American foreign policy known every bit the Monroe Doctrine, which guided the nation's diplomatic principles for near 2 centuries. It restated the pledge of George Washington's 1796 Adieu Address that the United States would non meddle in European affairs, simply it besides warned Europeans that the Americas were non open to whatsoever further colonization by rival powers (run across the The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Primary Source).

Market Revolution and Transportation Revolution

Even every bit the State of war of 1812 was ending, the Usa was already being reshaped past iii major transformations. The Market Revolution and the Transportation Revolution changed the way Americans worked and lived, and each helped create a new integrated national economy that, in plough, transformed the way the nation bought and sold goods, manufactured items for consumption at home and abroad, and engaged in trade across the Atlantic world.

The years before and during the War of 1812 marked a turning point for the U.S. economy. With access to British goods blocked by embargo or war, the commencement years of the nineteenth century stimulated tremendous growth in manufacturing, especially in textiles. The terminate of the war moved a groovy deal of majuscule back into the economy, and regime policies that encouraged economic growth, such as a protective tariff, a national banking company, and aid to internal improvements, spurred development. President Madison and Jeffersonian Republicans in Congress chartered the Second National Bank, the protective tariff of 1816 (which raised rates by an average of 25 percentage), and debated spending on canals and roads. Federal spending on internal improvements failed considering Madison, Monroe, and their allies in Congress thought it was unconstitutional and required a constitutional subpoena. Nearly of the spending on infrastructure thus was done by state governments and private investors.

The get-go few decades of the nineteenth century saw the ascent of a truly national market system, with the agricultural economy becoming more varied and diversified. Every bit the United States adult more than of its own manufacturing capacity, it relied less on foreign trade for goods and more on its ain production. Americans began trading more than with each other, shipping resources like cotton from the South to northern textile factories, where they were made into finished appurtenances and so sold around the nation, transported overland on roads and by water on rivers and canals.

With the assist of the cotton gin, the South grew and exported millions of pounds of cotton to British markets. By 1840, the Us was growing approximately 60 percent of the world's cotton supply, and cotton wool made upwards two-thirds of American exports. Northern factories manufactured the cotton into cloth, and northern shipping transported the cotton fiber and finished textiles to Europe, though British mills dominated the globe market. Southern planters invested their profits even more than heavily in enslaved persons and in state, because these were the two essentials of cotton fiber production. In the North, small manufacturing by artisans began to give way to larger-calibration factories with machinery that could turn out big amounts of appurtenances, such as the famous mills in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Afterwards the invention of the cotton gin, the production of cotton increased dramatically. Past 1840 the United States was producing approximately 60 per centum of the world's supply. (credit: "U.South. Cotton wool Production 1790-1834" by Pecker of Rights Institute/Flickr CC By 4.0)

These market expansions also changed women's function on the farm. In add-on to the heavy burdens of domestic and farming chores, women now took in piecework like sewing and knitting. Instead of producing only enough for household consumption, they participated in the market revolution by making or growing surplus for sale in local markets. Young farm women supplied the labor at the Lowell mills. Most women, all the same, participated in manufacturing by taking part in a larger product process past making pocket-size items inside their homes in a arrangement called "outwork." With workplace and home becoming more singled-out from each other in the North, separate spheres for men and women emerged. Men increasingly joined the public world of work and commerce, while women, fifty-fifty though some young women worked in New England factories, were relegated to the individual sphere of dwelling life, where they were expected maintain a home based on Victorian virtues for their husbands and children according to the "cult of domesticity." Piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity were the desired traits that characterized what was also known every bit the "cult of true womanhood." Magazines and treatises on homemaking provided middle-form women with communication on household matters and child-rearing and shaped an ideal of comfortable domestic bliss for families. Of course, such aspirations were mostly unattainable for working-class, rural, and free blackness women, to say nothing of many thousands of enslaved women.

For the marketplace economy to become truly national, a transportation network linking various parts of the state was essential so appurtenances and raw materials could move easily, quickly, and inexpensively. The transportation revolution that brought this about was bolstered by three central mechanisms: canals, steamboats, and railroads. State governments and individual investment congenital thousands of miles of canals, similar the Erie Canal in upstate New York (see the The Edifice of the Erie Culvert Narrative). Canals made information technology possible to ship goods on flatboats connecting various rivers and waterways, helping to link the nation's economic system. Steamboats moved people and goods upstream against river currents and significantly reduced the time and toll of shipping appurtenances and resources on rivers and major waterways. Eventually, water travel was overtaken past the ascension of railroads, which could motion people and appurtenances even faster, effectively shortening fourth dimension and distance. The 1830s were a decade of crucial growth for the rail industry, and by 1840, there were iii,300 miles of railroads in the United states. Considering the nation seemed always to be in motion, with appurtenances and products and people in abiding transit, the market revolution also helped encourage greater individualism and democratization.

The The states experienced incredible growth in population every bit well, driven by natural increase and past immigration. The population doubled during the period 1800–1828 and continued to double every twenty-two years until the Civil War, from approximately 4 million people in 1790 to ix million in 1820, and to 23 million in 1850. This enormous growth put pressure on resource and the surroundings, and it fostered political, economic, and social conflicts. It also gave rising to the growth of cities and to the westward spread of the nation.

Regime and the Market Revolution

After the State of war of 1812, some politicians supported nationally funded internal improvements, a national bank, and a protective tariff under a philosophy known as economical nationalism. The lease for the original Bank of the United States expired in 1811 and was not renewed, producing economic chaos during the war. President Madison, long an opponent of Hamilton'due south national banking concern on ramble grounds, supported the banking concern's recharter in 1811, but the Republican Congress defeated it. In 1816, the Republican Congress relented and rechartered the bank for twenty years.

The Tariff of 1816 protected American industry from European contest. Although it increased the cost of goods, the tariff was widely supported, specially in the North and even by some in the South. South Carolina'south congressional representative John C. Calhoun supported a protective tariff and put through the House a plan to fund internal improvements. This time, opposition came from New England and the South, because the Due west would primarily benefit from the resulting roads and waterways. President Madison vetoed the bill, all the same, because he thought it was unconstitutional unless an amendment was passed empowering the government to engage in such projects. Otherwise, states had responsibility for internal improvements.

This portrait of John C. Calhoun was painted past George Peter Alexander Healy around 1845 when Calhoun was serving every bit the sixteenth secretary of land. Calhoun was a fixture in U.S. politics for the first one-half of the nineteenth century serving as congressional representative senator vice president secretary of land and secretary of war.

Economic nationalism prevailed in a series of Supreme Courtroom decisions. In cases such asDartmouth College five. Woodward (1816),McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), andGibbons five. Ogden (1824), John Marshall's Supreme Court moved boldly to affirm the rights of the national government over the states and to reinforce the ability of contracts and charters that favored businesses and corporations. In the process, the Court expanded the reach and extent of the federal power over commerce. These rulings put the ability of the nation'southward judicial branch on the side of consolidation, centralization, the national government, and individual industry (run across the John Marshall's Landmark Cases DBQ Lesson).

Expansion Population of the Due west and Slavery

As the nation and the national economic system moved west, so too did the institution of slavery. President Thomas Jefferson had signed the bill outlawing the importation of enslaved persons in 1808, just slavery did not die of its own volition, every bit the founders hoped. Thanks to the technological breakthrough of the cotton gin and to the increasing need for cotton, slavery's hold on the American economy strengthened. White farmers surged due west into the new states of Alabama and Mississippi and states created from the Louisiana Territory, bringing their slaves with them to raise cotton fiber. In brusque, slavery became even more deeply entrenched in the Usa from 1800 to 1828. (See the Changing Views of Slavery Mini-DBQ Lesson.)

The graph shows rapid population growth in the Due south from 1790 to the Civil War. What factors might business relationship for this charge per unit of population growth? (credit: "Population of the South 1790-1860" by Bill of Rights Institute/Flickr CC Past 4.0)

The systems of slavery and the experience of enslaved persons in the nation varied widely. Slaves worked on unlike crops depending on the region and labored on large plantations, on small farms, and in urban areas. A booming domestic market traded enslaved persons, whose value rose along with the profits generated by their labor. Every bit the slave economy took deeper hold, economic differences emerged between poor and middling white farmers who endemic few or no slaves and wealthy planters who owned many.

The enslaved faced tightening legal and policing controls on their movement and harsher subject field imposed by their owners. Southerners viewed slaves through the lens of property rights and increasingly strengthened the agree of owners on their chattel slaves. Slave rebellions were put down swiftly and ferociously. In 1800, Virginian slave Gabriel Prosser sought to lead a slave defection for equal natural rights, only dozens of the slaves were captured before they could brainstorm the revolt and were hanged. In 1822, Due south Carolinian Denmark Vesey, a gratis black man, was inspired past the Christian ideals of the Second Cracking Awakening and tried to start a defection, merely information technology met the same fate as Gabriel's Rebellion. Nevertheless, the possibility of rebellion and violence remained a powerful dread among white southerners of all classes, who reacted with swift vengeance to suppress whatsoever slave defection.

National Politics

In 1819–1820, a pair of crises stunned the nation, threatened marriage and harmony, and dramatically concluded the Era of Good Feelings. First, the collapse of cotton wool prices in the London market triggered the start of the Panic of 1819, a wide-ranging economic depression that revealed the fragile nature of the postwar blast. The price of U.S. cotton fell from 32.5 cents per pound in 1818 to fourteen.3 cents per pound a year subsequently, sending the vast U.Due south. cotton market reeling. A speculative bubble in land and other bolt had too grown in the United States, fueled by an expansion of credit by state banks. Those banks made reckless loans and issued banknotes beyond their power to redeem them. Fifty-fifty the new Second Bank of the United States, which was supposed to inject gild and reason into banking, got caught in the speculative mania and became overextended every bit well. The credit wrinkle extended throughout the nation and plunged the land into an economic depression. The stupor of hard times led to a lingering mistrust and resentment of banks and the financial elite, especially in the South and Due west.

And so, equally the country staggered nether the Panic of 1819, the w expansion of slavery touched off another divisive disharmonize. This controversy stemmed from a fence in the Firm of Representatives over a bill that would allow Missouri to draft a proslavery constitution and enter the marriage every bit a slave state, upsetting the residuum of 11 free and eleven slave states—and the balance of power in Congress. Contend was fierce, sometimes violent. Votes took place along strongly exclusive lines, and the Senate passed a statehood bill allowing slavery in Missouri. Southerners saw slaveholding equally a affair of property rights, whereas northerners countered that the expansion of slavery was a expose of the founding generation's commitment, expressed in the Northwest Ordinance, to restrict slavery to the areas where it already existed.

Speaker of the House Henry Dirt, proposed a way to terminate the controversy and avoid time to come conflicts over w expansion and slavery. Nether the terms of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, Maine would be admitted every bit a gratis state, and a demarcation line would be drawn through the Louisiana Territory at the 36° 30′ parallel, with a guarantee that slavery would not be permitted northward of that line but would exist unhindered south of it (come across the The Missouri Compromise Decision Point).

The 1820 Missouri Compromise was a temporary solution to the explosive questions of w expansion and slavery. (attribution: Copyright Rice University OpenStax under CC BY 4.0 license)

Although Clay was praised for saving the marriage, bitterness over the mensurate remained. Most of all, Americans had now seen very clearly how intense and divisive the slavery outcome could be. Thomas Jefferson, in the last decade of his life, referred to slavery in the context of the Missouri crunch every bit "a fire bell in the night" and warned that slavery could lead to ceremonious war (see the Did the Missouri Compromise Merely Delay War? Bespeak-Counterpoint).

An 1818 portrait of the young Henry Dirt. Known as the "Great Compromiser " Clay helped his country navigate the turmoil of sectionalism by finding solutions to issues that northern and southern states could back up.

The nation lurched toward the presidential election of 1824 at a time when the outset political party arrangement was breaking upward and a new 1 had yet to emerge. Part of what drove the inflow of a new political era was the democratization of politics for white men that both furthered and built upon the expansion taking place in the economy. The Republicans were at present and so diverse ideologically, geographically, and politically that the party split up into rival factions, turning the 1824 competition for the White House into a spirited thing. Iii contenders—John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, and William Crawford—were respected members of President Monroe's cabinet. Of the other contenders, Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House, and Andrew Jackson was a noted Indian fighter and the hero of the Battle of New Orleans (see the Cartoon Analysis: The Presidential Ballot of 1824 Main Source).

The election turned more on personalities and sectional allegiances than on problems or ideology. Jackson had a slight edge over Adams in the popular and electoral votes, with Clay in third place. But no candidate garnered the needed majority in the Balloter College, and the ballot, as in 1800, went to the Firm of Representatives. Clay, who despised Jackson and saw him as a dangerous rival, threw his support to Adams, and Adams was elected president by the House.

A map depicting the results of the ballot of 1824. Note the sectional divide as Adams swept the New England region while Jackson won most of the South. (credit: "Election of 1824" by Bill of Rights Institute/Flickr CC BY iv.0)

Adams soon named Clay as his Secretary of State, which infuriated Jackson and his supporters. They charged that Adams and Clay had made a "corrupt deal" that secured the presidency for Adams and placed Dirt in the role that had been the steppingstone to the White House for the 4 previous occupants (see the The Corrupt Bargain Narrative). As a result of this bargain, they charged, Jackson, or "Quondam Hickory," equally he was known, had been shunted aside despite winning the near popular and electoral votes, and the will of the people had been ignored. Although no bear witness has emerged that any sort of bargain was always struck, the charge dogged Adams throughout his presidency and Clay throughout his career. Furthermore, Jackson and his allies nursed this grievance for the ensuing 4 years and made the charge of abuse a centerpiece of the 1828 campaign. In that race, Jackson won a decisive victory over Adams, vanquishing his rival and ushering in a new era in U.S. history that consolidated the democratization that had been emerging beyond many fronts since at least 1800 with the universal vote and greater political participation for white men of all classes.

Conclusion

From 1800 to 1828, the immature nation experienced rapid economical growth and geographical expansion due west. For a time, the spirit of harmony, marriage, and patriotism that existed after the War of 1812 in The Era of Good Feelings was existent and significant. But continuing tensions inside American society somewhen overtook those sentiments. Conflicts over slavery and sectionalism, the economy and markets, and politics and ideology divided the country during the Antebellum Era. The roots of these divisions were formed in the 1800–1828 era, marking it as a fourth dimension of stupendous growth that nonetheless masked latent tensions and animosities that ultimately foreclosed all compromises.

As the nineteenth century dawned the Usa entered a period of tremendous economical and territorial growth. A new generation of leaders emerged to guide the growing commonwealth through new challenges.

Additional Affiliate Resources:

• Mountain Men Narrative
• Washington Irving Narrative
• Henry Clay Spoken language on American Industry 1824 Primary Source

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Review Questions

1. The presidential election of 1824 ended with

1. Andrew Jackson leading the popular vote and becoming president
2. Andrew Jackson losing the election in the Firm of Representatives despite leading the pop vote
3. Andrew Jackson receiving fellow westerner Henry Clay'southward endorsement
4. Andrew Jackson becoming vice president under President John Quincy Adams

two. Which statement best describes Thomas Jefferson'due south first term as president?

1. He betrayed his campaign principles alienating his supporters after having won a clear and convincing victory in the balloter vote.
2. He maintained his core principles and pragmatically adapted to the circumstances he faced in office.
3. He rewarded Federalists with prime number positions in his new administration.
4. His actions did fiddling to change the country from the ane that emerged during the Washington and Adams administrations.

3. Which idea is inconsistent with Jeffersonian Republicanism?

1. Belief in an agrarian-based economy
2. Support for decentralized political power
3. Support for Slap-up Uk in foreign policy
4. Support of state regime power

4. Thomas Jefferson's election in 1800 tin can well-nigh accurately be described as

1. a repudiation of French interference in American politics
2. surprising given Jefferson's monarchical begetting and elitist manners
3. limited in scope because Jeffersonian-Republican victories did not extend beyond the presidency
4. a rejection of the Federalist policies of the 1790s

5. All the post-obit were part of President Thomas Jefferson'south approach to financial policy except

1. encouraging the growth of country banks
2. renewing the charter of the national bank
3. repealing all internal taxes
4. reducing federal debt

6. During the Jeffersonian Era the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Courtroom illustrated

1. a rejection of the major political philosophy of the Federalist era
2. the subordination of judicial power to that of the Congress and the president
3. a willingness to decide cases consequent with Jeffersonian-Republican philosophy
4. the emergence of a strong and contained branch of the U.S. constitutional organization

seven. The purchase of the Louisiana Territory represented a constitutional challenge for the United states considering

1. Congress and the president lacked the clear constitutional authority to increase the size of the nation
2. the U.s. lacked the funding to pay for the buy
3. Autonomous-Republicans felt threatened by the corporeality of country the buy included
4. the Marshall Court had ruled the purchase unconstitutional

8. Foreign relations preceding the War of 1812 presented a challenge for the young U.s.a. for all the post-obit reasons except

1. state of war between United kingdom and France affected U.S. costless trade
2. French attacks on American shipping continued despite congressional activity
3. British support of the Embargo Act led the New England states to thrive economically
4. the H.M.Southward. Leopard fired upon the U.S.S. Chesapeake seizing alleged British deserters

9. Which group would virtually probable oppose a U.S. annunciation of war in 1812?

1. Congressional representatives from relatively new Western states
2. Federalists from New England
3. Jeffersonian Republicans from the South
4. Jeffersonian Republicans from the Mid-Atlantic states

10. Regarding the State of war of 1812 which statement is well-nigh accurate?

1. Provisions of the Treaty of Ghent extended the United states of america' northern border with Canada giving the country significant territory in the Great Lakes.
2. Native Americans in the Northwest Territory made pregnant long-term advances in gaining sovereignty over their ancestral lands.
3. Congressional representatives from the newly admitted western states saw advantages in declaring war on the British.
4. British troops successfully invaded the The states forth the Atlantic Coast and the northern border ultimately losing at the Battle of New Orleans.

11. The term "Era of Skilful Feelings" is misleading because

1. the Federalist Party remained potent in New England and the newly admitted western states
2. emerging nationalism failed to capture the imagination of the American public
3. Andrew Jackson challenged President Monroe's reelection bid
4. rising sectionalism led to disagreements over the Depository financial institution of the United States and tariffs

12. The key industry to emerge in the United States in the decades immediately later on the War of 1812 was

1. textiles
2. railroad
3. steel
4. banking

13. Supporters of economic nationalism believed

1. precedents established past the Marshall Court fostered positive federal regime economic power and protected individual belongings
2. Jeffersonian Republicans should oppose federal government funding of internal improvements
3. the Market Revolution would lead to irreparable exclusive tensions and Ceremonious War
4. a protective tariff benefited only the manufacturing sections of the nation

14. Which statement best applies to slavery in the U.s.a. during the start quarter of the nineteenth century?

1. The greatest population density of slaves existed in the Mississippi Delta region.
2. Federal prohibitions on the importation of slaves were ended past 1820.
3. Agricultural expansion increased the value of slaves and frequency of their being traded in the domestic slave trade.
4. Decreased slave resistance led to a lessening of land and local regulations.

Costless Response Questions

1. Explain the causes and bear on of the Panic of 1819.
2. Explain how the Missouri Compromise was designed to diminish increasing sectional tensions and forestall hereafter conflicts over the admission of new states.
3. Explain why the Louisiana Purchase posed claiming and opportunity for Jeffersonian Republicans.
4. Explicate how the U.S. economy changed in the aftermath of the War of 1812.
5. Analyze the demographic changes in the period 1800-1830 and their touch on on the growth of the U.s.a..
6. Analyze the ways in which economic innovations and inventions of the early on to mid-nineteenth century afflicted U.S. economical development.
7. Explain "the cult of domesticity." How attainable and widespread was this concept?

AP Practise Questions

"But there is a difficulty in this acquisition which presents a handle to the malcontents among us though they have not even so discovered it. Our confederation is certainly confined to the limits established by the revolution. The full general government has no powers merely such every bit the constitution has given it; and it has not given it a power of holding strange territory & nevertheless less of incorporating it into the Union. An amendment of the Constitution seems necessary for this. In the concurrently, we must ratify & pay our money as we have treated for a affair beyond the constitution and rely on the nation to sanction an act done for its swell good without its previous authority."

Thomas Jefferson to John Dickinson August 9, 1803

Refer to the excerpt provided.

1. The excerpt is most directly related to

1. ratification of the U. Due south. Constitution
2. purchase of the Louisiana Territory
3. passage of the Missouri Compromise
4. issuance of the Monroe Doctrine

two. The sentiments Jefferson expressed in the excerpt illustrate his attempt to

1. reconcile a philosophy of strict interpretation of the Constitution with practical opportunity
2. challenge primacy of the Supreme Court established by judicial precedent
3. support the demand for a revised American Indian policy
4. discount the need for a Bill of Rights

three. The resolution of the situation discussed in the excerpt would most directly lead to which later constitutional question?

1. Could a state regulate interstate commerce?
2. Did the President have the right to reject to enforce a Supreme Court decision?
3. Who had the authority to regulate slavery in a new state?
4. Could new states enter the Union on an equal footing with older states?

This map depicts the mean (average) centre of population in the The states from 1790 to 2010.

Refer to the map provided.

4. The map most clearly depicts

1. limited interest in southern economic evolution
2. preferred settlement virtually waterways
3. the results of internal migration patterns
4. political preferences of rural voters

5. According to the 1830 census the change that occurred betwixt 1800 and 1830 best explains

1. the growing political power of western states to impact the exclusive balance in the United States
2. the dominance of the southern planter class in national politics
3. New England'south economic transition from shipping and trading to manufacturing
4. the touch on of overwhelming congressional back up for Henry Clay'southward American Organization

6. The trend illustrated in the map all-time reflects which continuity in U.Southward. history?

1. Dominance of rural over urban areas in national politics
2. Tensions over immigration policy
3. Touch on of transportation innovation
4. Debate over federal environmental policies

---

Primary Sources

Louisiana Purchase (1803) A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875. https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=008/llsl008.db&recNum=213

Missouri Compromise 1820. https://world wide web.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=22&page=transcript

Monroe Doctrine 1823. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/monroe.asp

U.South. Reports: Marbury v. Madison 5 U.South. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep005/usrep005137/usrep005137.pdf

Suggested Resources

Appleby Joyce. Inheriting the Revolution: The First Generation of Americans. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Printing 2000.

Banner James One thousand. Jr. To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts 1789-1815. New York: Knopf 1970.

Banning Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: The Development of a Political party Credo. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Printing 1978.

Berlin Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The Showtime 2 Centuries of Slavery in Due north America. Cambridge MA: Harvard Academy Press 1998.

Freeman Joanne B. Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the Early Republic. New Haven CT: Yale University Press 2001.

Gilje Paul A. The Making of the American Republic 1763-1815. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson 2006.

Hatch Nathan. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven CT: Yale University Press 1989.

Hickey Donald R. The War of 1812: A Forgotten Disharmonize. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press 1989.

Horn James Jan Ellen Taylor and Peter S. Onuf eds. The Revolution of 1800: Democracy Race and the New Republic. Charlottesville VA: Academy of Virginia Press 2002.

Howe Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America 1815-1848. New York: Oxford University Press 2008.

Kukla Jon. A Wilderness Then Immense: The Louisiana Buy and the Destiny of America. New York: Anchor 2003.

McCoy Drew. The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America. Chapel Loma NC: University of North Carolina Press 1980.

Onuf Peter Due south. Jefferson'due south Empire: The Linguistic communication of American Nationhood. Charlottesville VA: Academy of Virginia Printing 2000.

Pasley Jeffrey P. "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early Republic. Charlottesville VA: University of Virginia Press 2001.

Stagg J.C.A. Mr. Madison's War: Politics Affairs and Warfare in the Early American Republic. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press 1983.

Taylor Alan. William Cooper's Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic. New York: Vintage 1995.

Tucker Robert West. and David C. Hendrickson. Empire of Freedom: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Oxford University Printing 1992.

Wilentz Sean. The Ascent of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W.W. Norton 2005.

Forest Gordon. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early on Republic 1789-1815. New York: Oxford Academy Press 2009.

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Source: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/chapter-5-introductory-essay-1800-1828

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